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Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, serving from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until her retirement in 2006. She was the first woman to be appointed to the Court. Prior to O'Connor's appointment to the Court, she was an elected official and judge in Arizona serving as the first female Majority Leader in the United States as the Republican leader in the Arizona Senate. On July 1, 2005, she announced her intention to retire effective upon the confirmation of a successor.〔Stevenson, R.W. (July 1, 2005) (O'Connor, First Woman Supreme Court Justice, Resigns After 24 Years ), ''The New York Times''. Retrieved September 10, 2005〕 Samuel Alito was nominated to take her seat in October 2005, and joined the Court on January 31, 2006. Considered a federalist and a moderate conservative, O'Connor tended to approach each case narrowly without arguing for sweeping precedents. She most frequently sided with the court's conservative bloc, although in the latter years of her tenure, she was regarded as having the swing opinion in many cases. Her unanimous confirmation by the Senate in 1981 was supported by most conservatives, led by Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater, and liberals, including Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy and women's rights groups like the National Organization for Women. O'Connor was Chancellor of The College of William & Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, and served on the board of trustees of the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Several publications have named O'Connor among the most powerful women in the world. On August 12, 2009, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor of the United States, by President Barack Obama. ==Early life and education== She was born in El Paso, Texas, to Harry Alfred Day, a rancher, and Ada Mae (Wilkey).〔(Oyez: Sandra Day O'Connor, U.S. Supreme Court Justice )〕 She grew up on a cattle ranch near Duncan, Arizona where she had to change automobile flat tires herself in dangerous environments.〔"Book Discussion on ''Sisters in Law''" Presenter: Linda Hirshman, author. Politics and Prose Bookstore. BookTV, Washington. 2015-09-03. 13 minutes in. Retrieved 12 September 2015 (C-Span website )〕 She later wrote a book with her brother, H. Alan Day, ''Lazy B : Growing up on a Cattle Ranch in the American West'' (2002), about her childhood experiences on the ranch. For most of her early schooling, O'Connor lived in El Paso with her maternal grandmother, and attended public schools and the Radford School for Girls, a private school. She graduated sixth in her class at Austin High School in El Paso in 1946.〔 〕 She attended Stanford University, where she received her B.A. in economics in 1950. She continued at the Stanford Law School for her LL.B.. There, she served on the Stanford Law Review with its presiding editor in chief, future Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who was the class valedictorian, and whom she briefly dated during law school.〔Biskupic, Joan. ''Sandra Day O'Connor: How the First Woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice''. New York: Harper Collins, 2005〕 She has stated that she graduated third in her law school class,〔(Q & A: Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor ) Retrieved June 13, 2013.〕 although Stanford's official position is that the law school did not rank students in 1952.〔Debbie Kornmiller, ("O'Connor's class rank an error that will not die" ), ''Arizona Daily Star'' (July 10, 2005). Archived at (O'Connor's class rank an error that will not die ) Retrieved June 13, 2013.〕 On December 20, 1952, six months after graduating from law school, she married John Jay O'Connor III. They had three sons: Scott, Brian, and Jay. Her husband suffered from Alzheimer's disease for nearly twenty years until his death in 2009, and she has become involved in raising awareness of the disease. After graduation from law school, at least 40 law firms refused to interview her for a position as an attorney because she was a woman. She eventually found employment as a deputy county attorney in San Mateo, California, after she offered to work for no salary and without an office, sharing space with a secretary.〔 O'Connor served as Assistant Attorney General of Arizona 1965–69 until she was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Arizona State Senate. She was re-elected to the State Senate in 1973 and became the first woman to serve as its Majority Leader. In 1975 she was elected to the Maricopa County Superior Court and in 1979 was elevated to the Arizona State Court of Appeals. She served on the Court of Appeals until 1981 when she was appointed to the Supreme Court. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sandra Day O'Connor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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